Tiger (Panthera tigris) — a kind of predatory mammals of family cat's, one of four representatives of a sort a panther (an armor. Panthera) which concerns to подсемейству the big cats. The word "tiger" occurs from other-grech. τίγρις which in turn goes back to other - the Persian. *tigri from a root «*taig» with value «the sharp; fast».
Among representatives of this kind there are the largest animal families of the cat's. The tiger is one of the largest land predators, conceding on weight to only white and brown bears. It is allocated nine subspecies of a tiger from which to the XXI-st century beginning six have remained only — the general livestock of an order of 4000-6500 individuals, from them the most numerous is the Bengalese tiger (nominative subspecies), making 40 % from all population.
In the XX-th century it is brought in Red book МСОП, in the Red book of Russia, and also in security documents of other countries. As of 2010 hunting for tigers is forbidden all over the world.
Studying history
The first scientific description of a tiger has been made by Charles Linneem in his work «Systema naturæ», under name Felis tigris. Later in 1858 the Russian naturalist Nikolay Severtsov describes the given kind under name Tigris striatus. In 1867 the British zoologist George Grej describes him under name Tigris regalis. Since 1929 of a tiger carry to sort Panthera.
Specification concerning evolution of a kind a tiger is received by means of the analysis of fossil remains and researches in the field of molecular phylogenetics.
On base кладистического the analysis it has been proved that the center of an origin of a kind settled down in east Asia.
Reconstruction of fossil remains of tigers is for a variety of causes difficult enough: small number of paleontologic finds which basically it is strong фрагментированы; probability of pollution of materials the rests of related kinds and frequently indistinct dating of finds.
The most ancient fossil remains of tigers are known from northern China and an island Java. Close to a tiger предковая form Panthera palaeosinensis was small in comparison with it a cat living in area Henan in Northern China from the end of a Pliocene prior to the beginning of a pleistocene. The size of this animal was intermediate between the sizes of modern Indian leopards and subspecies of a tiger from islands of Zondsky archipelago. Probably, Panthera palaeosinensis is the large form of a leopard or the general ancestor of two or more kinds of modern sort Panthera. Accurate таксономическое position of kind Panthera palaeosinensis demands additional researches.
Early fossils of tigers also have been found in layers of Dzhetis in Java and have been dated by age from 1,66 to 1,81 million years. Thus, already approximately two million years ago, in the pleistocene beginning, the tiger was enough widespread in east Asia, living also on islands Borneos and Palawan. Was considered that the territory of today's northern China was area of an origin of a tiger, but last paleontologic data testifies to much wider area at once from the moment of occurrence of his most ancient remains. A number of paleontologists consider that for an origin of the given kind isolation of his ancestors on such limited site, as Manchuria wasn't required. For display morphological and genetic дивергенции a tiger from previous and related forms was isolation of separate populations which could occur during various time in various on a climate and a relief areas of southeast Asia enough.
Rather numerous fossil remains of tigers dated the period from early to a late pleistocene, are known from China, from Sumatra and Java, but in India, on Altai, in Siberia and other areas tigers have appeared only in the end of a pleistocene. Also some finds of the big cats which have been classified as tigers have been made, on territories of east Beringii, but, nevertheless, fossil remains of tigers in territory of America till now aren't known. Tigers in the size there is less than average, according to the paleontologic data, in a late pleistocene lived in territory of Japan and on Sakhalin. The smaller size of the given subspecies, as well as modern from islands of Zondsky archipelago, speaks the phenomenon island карликовости.
Head of the Amur tiger
According to rather-anatomic researches, the average size of tigers during the period from a pleistocene to the present decreased (except for the populations known now as the Amur tiger Bengalese, in which average size of animals hasn't changed). The given phenomenon is characteristic for плейстоценовых mammals and displays decrease in a seasonal bioproductivity of environment and-or, in case of predators, reduction of the average size of accessible extraction. Golotsenovye remains of tigers are known from Java and Kalimantan; on last island the tiger has died out still B.C.
The molekuljarno-phylogenetic data received with use of various methods, confirms close related communications between representatives of sort Panthera and proves that the kind a tiger has separated from the general предковой lines more than 2 million years ago, much more before a lion, a leopard and a jaguar. Thus, the paleontologic and molekuljarno-biological data concerning an origin of a tiger more or less confirms each other.
Though under the molekuljarno-biological data till now it is not clear, whether is east Asia that region where isolation of a kind from the general ancestor of a sort has taken place, there is a big weight of proofs in favor of what from here tigers extended and to the north to northeast Asia and Beringiju, and to the south on islands of Zondsky archipelago, on border of the Indian subcontinent. Rather later occurrence of tigers in India proves to be true as well absence of tigers on island Sri Lanka which has been separated from continent by a raising of level of world ocean in the beginning голоцена. Among paleontologists there is some clash of opinions concerning settling by tigers of the central and southwest Asia (an area of the Caspian tiger): the part of researchers considers that tigers have got there from northeast India, and others — that from Siberia through southeast areas of present Kazakhstan.
Proceeding from the zoogeographical data and despite their absence there now, tigers should occupy island Kalimantan; but the finds confirming it, are doubtful enough. Nevertheless, natives from a tribe бисайя assert that canines which they possess, belong to wild tigers, last of which have been killed by ancestors of these natives of 4-7 generations back. It speaks well for that the tiger on Kalimantan has died out approximately 200 years ago. The best acknowledgement of existence of tigers on Kalimantan is the recent find of a top of tooth in a cave of Nia in a Malaysian part of island, in neolith adjournment
Among representatives of this kind there are the largest animal families of the cat's. The tiger is one of the largest land predators, conceding on weight to only white and brown bears. It is allocated nine subspecies of a tiger from which to the XXI-st century beginning six have remained only — the general livestock of an order of 4000-6500 individuals, from them the most numerous is the Bengalese tiger (nominative subspecies), making 40 % from all population.
In the XX-th century it is brought in Red book МСОП, in the Red book of Russia, and also in security documents of other countries. As of 2010 hunting for tigers is forbidden all over the world.
Studying history
The first scientific description of a tiger has been made by Charles Linneem in his work «Systema naturæ», under name Felis tigris. Later in 1858 the Russian naturalist Nikolay Severtsov describes the given kind under name Tigris striatus. In 1867 the British zoologist George Grej describes him under name Tigris regalis. Since 1929 of a tiger carry to sort Panthera.
Specification concerning evolution of a kind a tiger is received by means of the analysis of fossil remains and researches in the field of molecular phylogenetics.
On base кладистического the analysis it has been proved that the center of an origin of a kind settled down in east Asia.
Reconstruction of fossil remains of tigers is for a variety of causes difficult enough: small number of paleontologic finds which basically it is strong фрагментированы; probability of pollution of materials the rests of related kinds and frequently indistinct dating of finds.
The most ancient fossil remains of tigers are known from northern China and an island Java. Close to a tiger предковая form Panthera palaeosinensis was small in comparison with it a cat living in area Henan in Northern China from the end of a Pliocene prior to the beginning of a pleistocene. The size of this animal was intermediate between the sizes of modern Indian leopards and subspecies of a tiger from islands of Zondsky archipelago. Probably, Panthera palaeosinensis is the large form of a leopard or the general ancestor of two or more kinds of modern sort Panthera. Accurate таксономическое position of kind Panthera palaeosinensis demands additional researches.
Early fossils of tigers also have been found in layers of Dzhetis in Java and have been dated by age from 1,66 to 1,81 million years. Thus, already approximately two million years ago, in the pleistocene beginning, the tiger was enough widespread in east Asia, living also on islands Borneos and Palawan. Was considered that the territory of today's northern China was area of an origin of a tiger, but last paleontologic data testifies to much wider area at once from the moment of occurrence of his most ancient remains. A number of paleontologists consider that for an origin of the given kind isolation of his ancestors on such limited site, as Manchuria wasn't required. For display morphological and genetic дивергенции a tiger from previous and related forms was isolation of separate populations which could occur during various time in various on a climate and a relief areas of southeast Asia enough.
Rather numerous fossil remains of tigers dated the period from early to a late pleistocene, are known from China, from Sumatra and Java, but in India, on Altai, in Siberia and other areas tigers have appeared only in the end of a pleistocene. Also some finds of the big cats which have been classified as tigers have been made, on territories of east Beringii, but, nevertheless, fossil remains of tigers in territory of America till now aren't known. Tigers in the size there is less than average, according to the paleontologic data, in a late pleistocene lived in territory of Japan and on Sakhalin. The smaller size of the given subspecies, as well as modern from islands of Zondsky archipelago, speaks the phenomenon island карликовости.
Head of the Amur tiger
According to rather-anatomic researches, the average size of tigers during the period from a pleistocene to the present decreased (except for the populations known now as the Amur tiger Bengalese, in which average size of animals hasn't changed). The given phenomenon is characteristic for плейстоценовых mammals and displays decrease in a seasonal bioproductivity of environment and-or, in case of predators, reduction of the average size of accessible extraction. Golotsenovye remains of tigers are known from Java and Kalimantan; on last island the tiger has died out still B.C.
The molekuljarno-phylogenetic data received with use of various methods, confirms close related communications between representatives of sort Panthera and proves that the kind a tiger has separated from the general предковой lines more than 2 million years ago, much more before a lion, a leopard and a jaguar. Thus, the paleontologic and molekuljarno-biological data concerning an origin of a tiger more or less confirms each other.
Though under the molekuljarno-biological data till now it is not clear, whether is east Asia that region where isolation of a kind from the general ancestor of a sort has taken place, there is a big weight of proofs in favor of what from here tigers extended and to the north to northeast Asia and Beringiju, and to the south on islands of Zondsky archipelago, on border of the Indian subcontinent. Rather later occurrence of tigers in India proves to be true as well absence of tigers on island Sri Lanka which has been separated from continent by a raising of level of world ocean in the beginning голоцена. Among paleontologists there is some clash of opinions concerning settling by tigers of the central and southwest Asia (an area of the Caspian tiger): the part of researchers considers that tigers have got there from northeast India, and others — that from Siberia through southeast areas of present Kazakhstan.
Proceeding from the zoogeographical data and despite their absence there now, tigers should occupy island Kalimantan; but the finds confirming it, are doubtful enough. Nevertheless, natives from a tribe бисайя assert that canines which they possess, belong to wild tigers, last of which have been killed by ancestors of these natives of 4-7 generations back. It speaks well for that the tiger on Kalimantan has died out approximately 200 years ago. The best acknowledgement of existence of tigers on Kalimantan is the recent find of a top of tooth in a cave of Nia in a Malaysian part of island, in neolith adjournment
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